The S-Stack is a configurable flow battery research stack developed for controlled investigation of multi-cell behavior, component interactions, and scale-relevant performance in redox flow battery systems. Its flexible stack architecture enables researchers to bridge the gap between single-cell testing and stack-level validation without complex custom assemblies.

• Configurable from single-cell to nine-cell operation for systematic scale-up studies
• Supports thick, porous electrodes and adjustable compression for realistic battery conditions
• Allows for direct measurement of individual cell voltages on bipolar plates for accurate stack diagnostics
• Graphite-based flow components and chemically stable seals ensure compatibility across a wide pH range
• Stack design balances hydraulic pressure and shunt current control for reproducible multi-cell operation